FSCI Indicators Breakdown
The Food Systems Countdown Initiative (FSCI) is a collaborative interdisciplinary effort to monitor global food systems. The FSCI developed a framework that includes five themes: (1) diets, nutrition, and health; (2) environment, natural resources, and production; (3) livelihoods, poverty, and equity; (4) governance; and (5) resilience and identified 50 indicators across these themes. This page presents national level data for these 50 indicators for Tonga.
Tonga income group: Upper Middle Income
Comparison
Tonga
Polynesia
World
Diets, Nutrition, and Health
Less Desirable
More Desirable
World
3.32
PPP dollar/capita/day
Cost of a healthy diet per capita
No Data
Per-person cost of the least expensive locally available foods to meet daily needs, based on food-based dietary guidelines
Source: FAOSTAT
World
37%
Percent of the population who cannot afford a healthy diet
No Data
Share of the population whose food budget is less than the cost of a healthy diet
Source: FAOSTAT
Polynesia
472.1
World
256.7
g/capita/day
Availability of fruits
No Data
Amount of fruits—an underconsumed yet highly nutritious food group—available in a country’s food supply per capita per day
Source: FAOSTAT
Polynesia
52.2
World
278.9
g/capita/day
Availability of vegetables
No Data
Amount of vegetables—an underconsumed yet highly nutritious food group—available in a country’s food supply per capita per day
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
23%
Polynesia
44%
World
68%
Percent of the population using safely managed drinking water services
23%
Share of the population that gets drinking water from an improved source, providing the clean water essential for food security (SDG 6.1.1)
2022
Tonga
85.3
Polynesia
97.1
World
155.1
current PPP dollar/capita/year
Retail value (total sales) of ultra-processed foods per capita
85.3 current PPP dollar/capita/year
Annual perperson sales of ultra-processed foods, which are known to be associated with poor health outcomes
2021
World
66%
MDD-W: Minimum dietary diversity for women
No Data
Share of women who consumed at least the minimum recommended food groups the previous day, which makes it more likely they consume adequate micronutrients
World
39%
All-5: Consumption of all five food groups
No Data
Share of the adult population consuming all five food groups typically recommended for daily consumption
World
3.8
NCD-Protect
No Data
Average score for adults on an indicator of dietary practices protective against noncommunicable diseases, like eating enough fiber, on a scale from 0 to 9
World
2.1
NCD-Risk
No Data
Average score for adults on an indicator of dietary practices known to raise the risk of noncommunicable diseases, like eating too much sugar, on a scale from 0 to 9
World
11%
Adults: Zero fruit or vegetable consumption
No Data
Share of adults who did not consume any fruits or vegetables the previous day
World
19%
Adults: Soft drink consumption
No Data
Share of adults who consumed a sugar-sweetened soft drink, which are generally known to be unhealthy, during the previous day
Polynesia
5%
World
11%
POU: Prevalence of undernourishment
No Data
Share of the population that goes hungry—that is, lacks enough calories for a healthy, active life (SDG 2.1.1)
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
20%
Polynesia
23%
World
29%
Percent of the population experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity
20%
Share of the population experiencing food insecurity, measured according to the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) (SDG 2.1.2)
2021
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
54%
Polynesia
54%
World
32%
MDD (IYCF): Minimum dietary diversity for infants and young children
54%
Share of young children who consumed at least the minimum recommended food groups the previous day, which makes it more likely they consume adequate micronutrients
2019
Source: UNICEF
Tonga
10
Polynesia
10
World
39
% population 6-23 months
Children (6-23 months): Zero fruit or vegetable consumption
10% population 6-23 months
Share of young children who did not consume any fruits or vegetables the previous day
2019
Source: UNICEF
Less Desirable
More Desirable
Environment, natural resources, and production
Less Desirable
More Desirable
World
0.4
tonnes/ha
Cereals yield
No Data
Yield, or production per unit area (tonnes per hectare)—an indicator of how efficient production is
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
0.2
Polynesia
0.4
World
1.4
tonnes/ha
Fruit yield
0.2 tonnes/ha
Yield, or production per unit area (tonnes per hectare)—an indicator of how efficient production is
2022
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
0.4
Polynesia
0.4
World
2
tonnes/ha
Vegetable yield
0.4 tonnes/ha
Yield, or production per unit area (tonnes per hectare)—an indicator of how efficient production is
2022
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
15,620
Polynesia
10,586.7
World
22,628.8
100 g/animal
Cow's milk yield
15,620 100 g/animal
Yield, or production per animal (100 g per animal)—an indicator of how efficient production is
2022
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
190
Polynesia
158.5
World
221
kg/animal
Beef yield
190 kg/animal
Yield, or production per animal (100 g per animal)—an indicator of how efficient production is
2022
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
16.5
Polynesia
20.3
World
21.2
Fishery health index progress score
16.5
An indicator summarizing the availability and sustainability of fish, which are at risk of overfishing or environmental degradation
2021
Source: Minderoo Foundation
Tonga
146.2
Polynesia
164.6
World
83,692.6
kT CO2eq
Agri-food systems greenhouse gas emissions
146.2 kT CO2eq
World
0.2
kg CO2eq/kg product
Greenhouse gas emissions intensity for cereals (excluding rice)
No Data
Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2 equivalents) per kilogram produced of cereals (excluding rice)
Source: FAOSTAT
World
1.1
kg CO2eq/kg product
Greenhouse gas emissions intensity for rice
No Data
Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2 equivalents) per kilogram produced of rice
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
2.6
Polynesia
3.9
World
1
kg CO2eq/kg product
Greenhouse gas emissions intensity for cow's milk
2.6 kg CO2eq/kg product
Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2 equivalents) per kilogram produced of cow's milk
2021
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
80.1
Polynesia
96.8
World
28.3
kg CO2eq/kg product
Greenhouse gas emissions intensity for beef
80.1 kg CO2eq/kg product
Tonga
0
Polynesia
-4
World
0
% change
Cropland area change
0% change
Average percentage change in cropland over the previous five years; expanding cropland is a major driver of biodiversity and ecosystem service loss and greenhouse gas emissions
2021
Source: FSCI
Tonga
97
Polynesia
92
World
43
% agricultural land
Functional integrity: Agricultural land with minimum level of natural habitat
97% agricultural land
Percentage of agricultural land area with enough semi-natural or natural habitat, relative to the amount of cropland or rangeland, to maintain biodiversity and functioning ecosystems
2015
Source: DeClerck et al. 2021
World
17%
Agriculture water withdrawal as percent of total renewable water resources
No Data
Water withdrawn for irrigation each year, as a percentage of the total renewable water resources available
Source: AQUASTAT
Tonga
0.7
Polynesia
3.9
World
2.3
kg/ha
Pesticide use per area of cropland
0.7 kg/ha
The use of pesticides per area of cropland (kg active ingredient per hectare); pesticide use can cause pollution and harm health
2021
Source: FAOSTAT
Less Desirable
More Desirable
Livelihoods, Poverty, and Equity
Less Desirable
More Desirable
Tonga
16
Polynesia
12
World
4
% GDP
Share of agriculture in GDP
16% GDP
Percentage of a country’s GDP derived from agriculture, a measure of the level of economic development of the country
2021
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
2
Polynesia
7
World
4
% working age population
Unemployment rate (Rural)
2% working age population
Tonga
13
Polynesia
13
World
6
% working age population
Underemployment rate (Rural)
13% working age population
Percentage of working-age people in rural areas who are underemployed (i.e., worked fewer hours than expected)
2021
Source: ILO
Polynesia
34
World
58
% population
Social protection coverage
No Data
Percentage of people who live in households that benefit from social protection programs, like cash transfers and health insurance
Source: World Bank
Polynesia
19
World
23
% welfare of beneficiary households
Social protection adequacy
No Data
An indicator showing the extent to which social protection is sufficient to meet household needs
Source: World Bank
Tonga
26
Polynesia
17
World
8
% children 5-17
Percent of children 5-17 years engaged in child labor
26% children 5-17
Percentage of children ages 5–17 who are engaged in child labor, the majority of which is known to be in the food system and specifically in agriculture
2019
Source: UNICEF
Less Desirable
More Desirable
Governance
Less Desirable
More Desirable
World
0.6
Civil society participation index
No Data
An indicator capturing the level of participation in civil society organizations
Source: Varieties of Democracy
Tonga
0%
Polynesia
0%
World
8%
Percent of the urban population living in cities signed onto the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact
0%
Percentage of the urban population that lives in cities signed on to the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact, suggesting prioritization of food issues in urban planning
2020
Degree of legal recognition of the right to food
No Data
Presence of a national food system transformation pathway
No Data
Tonga
-0.2
Polynesia
0.1
World
0
Government effectiveness index
-0.2
An index capturing the perception of how effective the government is in making and enforcing policies and providing services
2022
Source: World Governance Indicators
Tonga
80
Polynesia
92.2
World
69.5
Food safety capacity
80
Whether functioning mechanisms exist to detect and respond to foodborne disease issues, measured as the percentage of a set of criteria met
2020
Source: WHO Global Health Observatory
Presence of national health-related food environment policies
No Data
Whether the country has any health-related food taxes, which are used to discourage consumption of unhealthy foods
World
0.2
V-Dem accountability index
No Data
An index capturing the extent to which the government is seen as being accountable for its actions
Source: Varieties of Democracy
World
43
Open budget index score
No Data
A score based on how easily the public can access information about how the government raises and spends money
Source: International Budget Partnership
Guarantees for public access to information
No Data
Whether the country has and implements guarantees for access to information (SDG 16.10.2)
Source: Sustainable Development Goals
Less Desirable
More Desirable
Resilience
Less Desirable
More Desirable
Ratio of total damages from all disasters to GDP
No Data
Cost of all damage from natural disasters, as a percentage of GDP
Source: EM-DAT
Polynesia
0.7
World
0.7
Dietary sourcing flexibility index
No Data
An index capturing the diversity of pathways through which food reaches consumers, indicating how difficult it is to disrupt the food supply
Source:
FAO
Tonga
60.7
Polynesia
67.1
World
110.1
Number per 100 people
Mobile cellular subscriptions
60.7 Number per 100 people
Number of mobile phone subscriptions as a percentage of the population, indicating the level of infrastructure and access to information to respond to shocks
2021
World
0.5
Social capital index
No Data
An index for the social capital in the country—how much people feel they can trust and can rely on their government and one another
Source: Legatum InstituteFSCI
World
25
% agricultural land
Proportion of agricultural land with minimum level of species diversity (crop and pasture)
No Data
Percentage of agricultural land (crop and pasture) containing a sufficient diversity of species, which helps cope with shocks and changes
Source:
Jones et al. 2021
World
163,165.1
Number of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities
No Data
Number of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in medium- or long-term conservation facilities (SDG 2.5.1)
Source: FAOSTAT
Tonga
0
Polynesia
0
World
3.8
Number of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities
0
Number of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in medium- or long-term conservation facilities (SDG 2.5.1)
2021
Source: FAOSTAT
World
0.4
Prevalence of severe coping strategies
No Data
Percentage of high-risk populations who need to rely on extreme strategies to cope with food insecurity
Source:
WFP
Tonga
0.7
Polynesia
0.8
World
0.7
Food price volatility
0.7
Polynesia
46
World
32.2
kcal/capita/day
Food supply variability per capita
No Data
How much the food supply (in calories per person per day) varies over time, indicating how well the food system can respond to shocks
Source: FAOSTAT
Less Desirable
More Desirable