Andorra

Greenhouse gas emissions are the main contributor of climate change, and are thus an important indicator of a food system's contribution to climate change. In addition, greenhouse gases from transforming land (clearing, burning, or otherwise removing existing vegetation) for agricultural use are a large source of food system greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change is associated with increased land surface temperature, extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and other changes to the environment. These changes may impact the quality, quantity, and safety of our food supply.

Urbanization can be a challenge to the food system, as with increased proportion of people living in urban areas, food production is at risk of declining, especially on low- and middle-sized farms. Urban areas demand high penetration of food distribution and retail.

Population growth is relevant as it speaks to how fast a population is changing, what the age profile of the population is, and gives clues to the age-dependency ratio. A fast growing population also means pressure on the food system to continue increasing supply to meet the demands of a larger population.

Higher crop species richness and diversity are associated with several positive outcomes for production (yield stability, reduced pest and disease outbreaks, higher pollinator diversity) and for the environment (higher insect and bird richness and abundance, higher soil biodiversity). This indicator can be used to identify crops grown in areas with very low versus very high numbers of different crops within a 10x10 km area. Countries with lower average crop richness are likely to be growing in simplified farms and landscapes (monoculture systems) while countries with crop richness tending towards 42 are likely to be growing in multifunctional farms and landscapes. Note that the scale of the data (10x10 km) means that many small farms all producing different crops in monocultures will likely result in higher crop richness or diversity scores than several large farms using intercrop or crop rotation systems. There is no clear scientific consensus on a target crop richness to ensure sustainable production systems. A global target of 15 crops per 10x10km should be attainable for all cropland and could be used as a threshold across all commodities.

Packaged food sales may provide an idea of the availability and demand for processed foods in a country. Packaged foods often have a longer shelf-life, fewer issues with food safety, and added convenience for people. For example, canned vegetables may enhance yearlong access in areas where local production is low or highly seasonal. On the other hand, many packaged and processed foods are energy dense and high in added sugar, salt, and fats (see ultra-processed food sales).

This indicator proxies the availability of UPFs, defined as foods made of mostly industrial ingredients and additives with minimal amounts of unprocessed foods. These additives are not naturally occurring in the food but are added in the processing phase in order to increase palatability and shelf life. Examples of UPFs include sweet and savory snacks, instant noodles, confectionery, meat substitutes, and soft drinks, among others.

Supermarkets increase people's physical and economic access to a wide variety of foods, including both fresh and processed foods. Supermarket chains typically begin with market advantages in dry and packaged foods, though eventually expand to fresh foods. Supermarkets require high standards in food quality and safety and often put in place dedicated supply chains. They bring opportunities as well as competition for local farmers and traditional retailers.

Modern grocery store retailers increase people's physical and economic access to a wide variety of foods, including both fresh and processed foods. They also create opportunity and competition for local farmers and traditional food retailers.

This indicates agricultural land dynamics, which can affect food supply and environmental quality.

Embedding at least 10% of natural and seminatural vegetation is being proposed as a planetary boundary to guarantee that agricultural lands have integrity and a minimum amount of natural capital to provide ecosystem services. Attaining 10% natural vegetation is a low target that all cropland systems must fulfill.

Countries with larger risk values suggests soil organisms are under high pressure signalling the need for changes in production systems to protect and restore soil biodiversity.

Adults who are obese are at increased risk of diet related noncommunicable diseases and premature mortality (The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration 2016).

Women who are underweight may not be receiving the adequate amount of energy and macronutrients, placing them at greater risk for micronutrient deficiencies, osteoporosis, infection, and mortality. Women of reproductive age who are underweight may be at greater risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes if they become pregnant.

Animal-source foods, particularly liver; bivalves including oysters, clams, and mussels; small oily fish; and meat, leafy greens, other vegetables, and pulses are good sources of dietary iron, which prevents iron-deficiency anemia. Other causes of anemia include intestinal parasitic infections, malaria, and other nutritional deficiencies. Women's iron intake needs are greater than men's. Iron deficiency during pregnancy can result in complications for mother and fetus, including low birth weight.

High consumption of sugary foods and beverages and processed flours and starches above the recommended amounts and proportions contributes to the development of Type II diabetes.

High blood pressure or hypertension increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. High sodium intake, through consumption of salt in prepared and processed foods, and low potassium intake, which can be improved by consuming fruits and vegetables, contribute to high blood pressure (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet).